Olena Litvinova

Mobile forms content of plumbum and cadmium at systematic application of organic and mineral fertilizers in field crop rotation on gray forest soil has been investigated. It was found that the use of fertilizers affected the accumulation of these indicators in the soil relative to the initial state, but the maximum concentration of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) was not observed. With the organic fertilizer system (60 t/ha of manure) there was a decrease in mobile plumbum by 33% compared to its initial content in the soil. However, it should be noted that the coefficient of technogenic concentration for plumbum was more than one (Kc> 1), which indicates the process of its accumulation in the soil to the background level. The highest indicator of the coefficient of technogenic concentration for plumbum (Kc = 2) was observed with the joint application of organic and mineral fertilizers (60 t/ha of manure + N100P60K100). The distribution of mobile plumbum and cadmium according to the soil profile depended on the peculiarities of soil genesis - there was a tendency to increase stocks under agrochemical load in the norm N100P60K100 against 60 t/ha of manure, in the lower part of illuvial humus and upper – illuvial horizons at a depth of 50–80 cm, as well as a decrease at the boundary of humus-eluvial and illuvial humus horizons – 25–45 cm. Studies of the content of mobile forms of plumbum and cadmium in the grain of winter wheat indicate the stability of levels of contamination by these elements of the grain within the permissible concentrations of MPC.

Keywords: heavy metal, soil, toxic effect, plants, soil fertility, fertilizers.

This paper presents the results of systematic monitoring in Ukraine for manifestations of aridity according to the method of summarizing spring, summer, and autumn droughts conducted by I. Ye. Buchynskyi for 1872-1969 and authors’ meteorological generalizations according to weather types (1951-1984) and clearly expressed zonal climate changes (1985-2006) and statistical and local

signs of climate aridization at the meteorological station in the northern part of the Forest Steppe (“Chabany”) – 2006-2020, covering a total of 150 years of historical time. According to the spatial distribution of droughts, determined according to a unified methodology, starting from 1872 and ending in the late 1960s, the defining indicator is the gradual spatial distribution of seasonal local

droughts with the recurrence of spring droughts after 2 years, summer droughts after 4 years, and autumn droughts, mainly in the south of Ukraine, after 2 years The number of moderate and large droughts since the beginning of the 20th century (11-30% of the distribution area) are typical for the summer period, and they are repeated in the south after 4-5 years. Abnormal droughts (over 50%) are

inherent in large areas for every tenth year, which, starting from the last quarter of the 19th century and until the 1950s, ended with famine for the population (especially the droughts of 1891, 1921, and 1947). Subsequent droughts of 1963 and 1968 were determined by abnormal weather conditions, but without the manifestation of a food crisis, which is associated with the beginning of сhemicalization and an increase in agricultural culture. Meteorological indicators of six stations in diverse natural and climatic zones for 1951-1981 and 1985-2008 indicate a zonal systematic increase in positive air temperatures with a decrease in precipitation, the deficit of which is compensated by a farming system with a moderate saturation of organic and mineral fertilizers, which have a stabilizing effect in extreme years. Since the last quarter of the 20th century, climate changes have been identified that are associated not only with the greenhouse effect, but also with a periodicity that depends on the ecliptic of the globe. Climate changes in recent decades are particularly noticeable, which is accompanied by a systematic increase in air temperature and an increase in climate aridity and

requires new technical and technological solutions from humanity

Keywords: seasonal droughts; air temperature; precipitation; agriculture; fertilizers; productivity; systematicityWrite here the description...

The article reports on a study that examined the impact of agrochemicals on the levels of surfactants in soil. Specifically, the study found that the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides led to an increase in the levels of anionic surfactants (ASA) in the soil. Furthermore, the simultaneous application of fertilizers and pesticides had a greater effect on ASA levels than either factor alone. The use of pesticides also led to an increase in non-ionic surfactants (NSA), while the use of fertilizers resulted in a decrease in NSA levels. The study also found that the increase in the levels of mobile forms of key nutrients in the soil was associated with the accumulation of ASA in lower layers of the soil profile.The amount of alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen under the low protection system increased by 3.0–23.2 mg kg-1 soil, mobile phosphorus by 14.0–144.0 mg P2O5, and exchangeable potassium by 9.0–222.0 mg K2O per kg soil, compared to the control. With the complex use of fertilizers and pesticides in one block, a trend of increasing mobile forms of nutrients in the soil was observed. The distribution of ASA amount in the soil profile is descending. The clear presence of ASA was established only in the soil layer of 0–40 cm. An increase of ASA content in the soil due to the use of agrochemicals and fertilizers is observed up to a depth of 60–80 cm. Using biological elements in agriculture significantly reduces the amount of these substances in the soil profile.

Keywords: mineral fertilizers; soil; pesticides; anionic surfactants; non-ionic surfactants; crop rotation; biogenic elements; agroecosystem.Write here the description...

Write The research aimed to analyze the cation-anion composition of the soil solution in dark-grey podzolized soil under the influence of long-term anthropogenic factors. Over the extended application of both mineral and organic fertilizers, changes in the cation-anion composition of the soil were observed, depending on the dosage of mineral fertilizers and their distribution within the soil profile. When the amount of mineral fertilizers was increased from 265 kg NPK per hectare to 397 kg per hectare, a noticeable decrease in soil solution pH was observed, with pH levels dropping to 6.1 and 6.0, as compared to the control variant without any fertilizer application, which exhibited a pH of 6.3. The application of mineral fertilizers and manure additionally enriched the soil with ions of organic and inorganic acids, what became the reason for the redistribution between mobile and immobile forms of calcium and magnesium in the direction of increase of their mobility beyond the soil profile. The greatest accumulation of sulphate was observed at a depth of 160–280 cm due to the migration of their water-soluble forms. The main quantity of chlorine was moved and accumulated in the soil layer of 120–280 cm, and the increase of mineral fertilizers increased the content of chlorine in the aeration zone.

Keywords: cation-anion composition, agroecosystem, fertilization, dark-grey soil, exchange acidity, migration.here the description...

The relevance of research is determined by a complex of factors that shape the change in the humus system of gray forest soil dynamics (content, total reserves, values variability of labile and stable humus pools, humification processes direction) under the influence of mineral fertilizers and chemical reclamation in the long-term ecotope conditions. The purpose of the research was to assess the impact of systematic anthropogenic loading on changes in soil organic

matter pools. Research methods included long-term stationary studies, laboratory determination of organic matter content and humus group composition, and statistical data analysis. It has been proven that liming practically did not contribute to the increase of the total humus content, however, due to the coagulating effect, certain changes in labile and more stable forms of humus

substances occurred in its qualitative composition. It has been established that the cultivation of crops сultivation in crop rotation with a purely mineral fertilizer system did not lead to a significant organic matter accumulation in the soil, despite the increase in crop yield levels under appropriate conditions and the accumulation of a larger vegetative mass of root and post-harvest residues entering the soil, but its losses were significantly reduced. The use of organic

components (green manure, by-products) in combination with moderate rates of mineral fertilizers on a liming background (humus content 1.63%), provided a clear tendency to expand humus reproduction by 0.16%, compared to the initial level, and by 15% and 12% more than in the version with no fertilizers and just mineral system. Under such a fertilizing system, there is a tendency to increase more stable humic acids. The increase in humification of organic matter was

achieved through the application of fertilizers in limed backgrounds. In this case, the humus formation type exhibited characteristics of humate-fulvate, with a value of 0.9, which is characteristic of soils of forest origin in the northern Forest-Steppe region with the presence of soil-forming factors specific to that territory. The article materials are of practical value for agricultural producers in the development of an innovative strategy for preserving theWrite here the description environment safety, and soil fertility under the influence of elements of energy-saving

technologies for crops.

Key words: humus, ecotope, agrocenosis, soil fertility, humic acids, fertilizers.

The use of traditional tillage technologies in short-rotational crop rotations increases the cost of agricultural production and has a negative impact on the environment. The research was aimed at establishing and improving the ways winter wheat yield increase in short-rotational crop rotations depending on the efficiency of the main tillage system and fertilizing on typical chernozems s in conditions of unstable moisture in the Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The research

was conducted at the Department of Agrochemistry National Scientific Centre Institute of Agriculture of National Academy of Agricultural Scienses at the Panfil Research Station of the National Scientific Center Institute of Agriculture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences in a stationary technological experiment, on typical low-humus chernozem in 2 short rotationcrop rotations with the following crops rotation: crop rotation 1 - winter rape (Brassica napus L.),

winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L), grain maize (Zea mays), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L); crop rotation 2 - soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L). The article presents the results of research in two short-rotation crop rotations with the placement of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) after winter rape (Brassica napus L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) against the background of two tillage systems: ploughing (25–27 cm) and no-till (direct sowing). The impact of different methods of soil cultivation and fertilizing systems on the humus content and nutrient regime of typical chernozems in the agrocenosis of winter wheat was determined. It was established that in winter wheat, placed after winter rapeseed and soybeans, there is a tendency to increase the humus content under zero tillage up to 15% relative to the

control (without fertilizers) and from 5–14% relative to moldboard tillage (25–27 cm ploughing). The most effective in nutrient accumulation was fertilizing system N(90)P2О5(90)K2О(90) applied after rape and after soybean. Respectively, the content of mobile phosphorus compounds increased by 10–18% and potassium by 1.3–2.0 times compared to the control (without fertilizers) with the advantage of no-tillcultivation technology. The given comparative assessment of therite here the description yield formation of winter wheat when growing it after different pre-crops showed that the average yield of winter wheat grain in both cultivations on the control option for the soybean pre-crop was 3.55 t ha-1 and 4.00 t ha-1 for rape. The highest increases in grain yield on average over the years of research were provided by the fertilizing system of 50–54% (N(90)P2О5(90)K2О(90)) for

growing winter wheat after soybeans and 39–47% (N(90)P2О5(90) K2О(90)) on the winter rape pre-crop with the advantage of moldboard tillage (ploughing) in crop cultivation technologies. The fertilizing system with the introduction of N(16)P2О(16)K2О(16) has the prospect of spreading because, in terms of the formation of typical indicators of chernozem fertility and the yield of winter wheat grain, it approaches technologies with the introduction of N(120)P2О5(90–60)K2О(100–90) with significant cost savings for mineral fertilizers.

Keywords: tillage system, fertilizing system, short-rotational crop rotations, soil nutrient regime, winter wheat, productivity.

In the contemporary socio–ecological–economic life of Ukraine, rural areas hold a special place – they are an integral part of the agro–sphere, as more than a third of the population of our country lives there. These areas are characterized by an exceptional contribution to the formation of the foundations of food security. Increasing the country's export potential makes the development of rural areas one of the main priorities of Ukraine's state policy, aimed at raising the living standards of the rural population, improving the efficiency of the agro–industrial complex (AIC), enhancing the state of the environment, and improving the quality of life of villagers. However, the monitoring of agricultural lands is conducted at the state level, while residential areas where the population grows products for their own needs are rarely studied, and according to the population itself, the norms for the use of chemical protection agents and fertilizers are not always followed. Many settlements in Ukraine with traditional agriculture are located near rivers within watersheds. A modern environmental assessment of rural residential areas located in the basins of small rivers remains relevant, unimplemented, and requires regular research, socio–ecological monitoring, and scientific justification for their ecologically balanced development. One of the important environmental issues is the chemical pollution of water ecosystems in the basin of a small river due to anthropogenic impact. Uncontrolled discharge of wastewater from urban treatment facilities leads to chemical pollution of surface waters within the settlement of Tlumach. The soils of residential areas locatedWrite here the description within watershed basins also experience significant anthropogenic pressure. Agroecological monitoring has been conducted to determine biogenic elements, salt composition, content of trace elements and heavy metals in surface and groundwater, as well as the physico–chemical and agrochemical composition of soils in residential areas within the watershed basin of the Tlumachik River.

Keywords: anthropogenic load, monitoring, surface waters, soil, heavy metals, residential areas.